Pitta - Wikipedia. Pittas are a family, Pittidae, of passerinebirds mainly found in tropical Asia and Australasia, although a couple of species live in Africa. Pittas are all similar in general structure and habits, and have often been placed in a single genus, although as of 2. Pitta, Erythropitta and Hydrornis. The name is derived from the word pitta in the Telugu language of South India and is a generic local name used for all small birds. Pittas are medium- sized by passerine standards, at 1. Broadbills DietsThey have very short tails and stout, slightly decurved bills. Many, but not all, have brightly coloured plumage. Daily updates on food news, nutrition studies, celebrity diet and workouts. Learn about popular diets, food shows like MasterChef Australia, food days. Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), also known as broadbills in some countries, are large, highly migratory, predatory fish characterized by a long, flat bill. White-tailed Swallow (Hirundo megaensis). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. Handbook of the Birds. They eat snails, insects and similar invertebrate prey. Pittas are mostly solitary and lay up to six eggs in a large spherical nest in a tree or shrub, or sometimes on the ground. Both parents care for the young. One of these, the Gurney's pitta, is listed as endangered by the IUCN. He placed the Indian pitta in the crow family and genus Corvus. Ten years later it was placed in the thrush family, due to similarities of morphology and behaviour, before being placed in its own genus, Pitta in 1. Louis Vieillot. Vieillot was also the first to consider the genus a family in its own right. A 2. 00. 6 study confirmed that these were the closest relatives of the pittas. In his 1. 86. 3 work A Monograph of the Pittidae. Daniel Elliot split the pittas into two genera, Pitta for the species with comparatively long tails and Brachyurus for the shorter tailed species. Barely two decades later, in 1. John Gould split the family into nine genera, to which he also included the lesser melampitta (Melampitta), a species which despite uncertain affinities is now at least no longer considered related to the pittas. Soon afterwards Philip Sclater's Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum brought the number back down to three. Modern treatments vary as well. A 1. 97. 5 checklist included six genera, whereas the 2. Handbook of the Birds of the World, which covered the family, placed all the pittas in a single genus. Based on the study it proposed splitting the pittas into three genera. The first clade, using the genus name Erythropitta, originally included six species (but see below) that had previously been considered closely related on external features. They are all generally small species with small tails, extensive amounts of crimson or red on the underparts, and greenish or blueish backs. These species are unified morphologically in exhibiting sexual dimorphism in their plumage, as well as in possessing cryptic juvenile plumage (in all the species thus far studied). Into this second clade is included the eared pitta, which had often been placed into its own genus, Anthocincla, on account of its apparent primitive characteristics. Most species in this genus have green upperparts with a blue wing- patch, dark upperparts and cinnamon- buff underparts. This clade contains all the migratory species of pitta, and it is thought that many of the pitta species from islands are derived from migratory species. The checklists of Sclater and Elliot at the end of the 1. More recent checklists have had fewer than this, one listing just 2. Since the 1. 99. 0s the figure has been between 3. Handbook of the Birds of the World recognises 3. A potential species not recognised by the Handbook is the black- crowned pitta, which is treated as a subspecies of either the garnet pitta or the graceful pitta. The study divide the species into 1. In weight they range from 4. Pittas are stout bodied birds with long, strong tarsi (lower leg bones) and long feet. There is considerable variation in the colour of the legs and feet, this may be used by females in judging the quality of males. The wings have ten primaries are generally rounded and short; those of the four migratory species, however, are more pointed. Although pittas are behaviourally reluctant to fly, they are capable and even strong fliers. The tails range from being short to very short, and is composed of twelve feathers. Only one species, the eared pitta, has entirely cryptic colours in the adults of both sexes. In the same genus, Hydrornis, as the eared pitta are three further species with quite drabber than average plumage, the blue- naped pitta, blue- rumped pitta and rusty- naped pitta. Like the other Hydrornis pittas they are sexually dimorphic in their plumage, with the females tending towards being drabber and more cryptic than the males. Hirundo rustica erythrogaster; Hirundo rustica gutturalis; Hirundo rustica mandschurica; Hirundo rustica rustica; Hirundo rustica saturata; Hirundo rustica savignii. Pitta; Blue pitta: Scientific classification; Kingdom: Animalia: Phylum: Chordata: Class: Aves: Order: Passeriformes: Suborder: Tyranni: Infraorder: Eurylaimides. Across most of the family the brighter colours tend to be on the undersides, with the bright colours on the rump, wings and uppertail coverts being concealable. Being able to conceal bright colours from above is important as most predators approach from above. Of particular importance to most species are forests with lots of cover, a rich understory, and leaf litter for feeding. Pittas often frequent areas near waterways as well. Some species inhabit swamps and bamboos forests. This varies in the fairy pitta across its range, reaching up to 1,3. Taiwan but at much lower levels in Japan. Of the three recently proposed genera, the large genus Pitta is the most widespread. The two species found in Africa are from this clade, as are the most northerly species (the fairy pitta) and the most southerly (the noisy pitta). The most remote insular endemics are in this group as well, including the black- faced pitta, which is endemic to the Solomon Islands. The pittas of the clade Erythropitta are mostly found in Asia with one widespread species, the red- bellied pitta, reaching the north of Australia. The Hydrornis pittas are exclusively Asian. Only four species of pitta are fully or mostly migratory, all in the genus Pitta, the Indian pitta, African pitta, fairy pitta and blue- winged pitta. In addition to these four the northern subspecies of the hooded pitta (cucullata) is a full migrant. Other species make smaller or more local, and poorly understood, movements across small parts of their range. They are nevertheless often found in darker areas and are highly secretive, though they will respond to imitations of their calls. They are generally found as single birds, with even young birds not associating with their parents unless they are being fed. Small groups have been observed during migration. Pittas will perform territory defence displays on the edges of their territories, although fights between rivals have only been recorded once. Migratory species will defend non- breeding feeding territories in addition to their breeding ones. Earthworms may however become seasonally unavailable in dry conditions when the worms move deeper into the soil. In addition a wide range of invertebrate prey is eaten, including many insects groups such as termites, ants, beetles, true bugs, and lepidopterans; as well as freshwater crabs, centipedes, millipedes, and spiders. These include skinks, frogs, snakes and, in the case of the fairy pitta, shrews. They have also been observed to probe the moist soil with their bills in order to locate earthworms. It has been suggested that they are able to locate earthworms by smell; a suggestion supported by a study which found that they have the largest olfactory bulb of 2. Most species are seasonal breeders, timing their breeding to occur at the onset of the rainy season. The courtship behaviours of the family are poorly known, but the elaborate dance of the African pitta includes jumping into the air with a puffed out breast and parachuting down back down to the perch. The structure of the nest is consistent across the whole family. The nest is as large as a rugby ball, and is usually well camouflaged amongst vines or vegetation of some kind. The nest's appearance is also difficult to distinguish from a heap of leaves pushed together by the wind, although a few species created a . The nests can either be placed on the ground or in trees. Some species always nest in trees, like both African species, others nest only on the ground, and others show considerable variation. Both sexes help to build the nest, but the male does most of the work. It takes around two to eight days to build a new nest; this probably varies depending on the experience of the birds involved. A new nest is constructed for each nesting attempt. Typically three to five eggs are laid, but two is typical for the garnet pitta, whereas six is more common for the blue- winged pitta and the Indian pitta. It is thought that species with higher levels of predation tend to have smaller clutches, as smaller clutches involve fewer provisioning trips that might alert a predator to the presence of a nest, and the loss of a smaller clutch is less costly to replace. Clutch size may vary within a species depending on latitude. A study of noisy pitta found that birds in the tropics had smaller clutch sizes than those in more temperate environments. The size of eggs varies by species, with smaller species laying smaller eggs. There is also some variation in egg size within a species in species with large ranges. For example, the eggs of noisy pittas are smaller closer to the tropics. The chicks usually hatch asynchronously, over a number of days, but in some species the hatching is synchronous. On hatching the parents of at least two species are reported to consume the eggshells. The behaviour ensures that the calcium used to create the eggs is not lost. It is not known if other species do this, but it is a common behaviour in the bird world. As with the incubation period both parents participate in rearing the chicks. The chicks of pittas are entirely altricial, hatching both naked and blind, and dependent upon their parents for warmth, food and nest sanitation. Young chicks are brooded continuously, with the female brooding during the night and the duties being shared during the day. The males and females make regular feeding trips to the chicks; one study of Gurney's pittas found a pair made 2. Gurney's pittas are with earthworms.
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